A Literature Review of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias: Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome

Abstract

This literature review is to gather the relevant information currently known about canine PD/CECS from different sources to discuss the most common presentation of PD/CECS, review the history and background of PD in the canine species, the most likely causes of the CECS, most effective treatment options and highlight areas of research that are missing. The goal of the structure of this review is to provide a comprehensive history of the disease with an insight into effective diagnosis or treatment that could increase the chances of a more successful diagnosis and reduce in prevalence of the disease.