Effects of arsenic on neuronal intracellular signal pathways with special regard to estrogen-mediated processes
Absztrakt
Arsenic is found in many geological formations and contaminated drinking water, posing a
great global threat. Besides several beneficial effects on tumour degeneration, therapy of
promyelocytic leukaemia was discovered. Arsenic is proven to cause a higher incidence of
benign and malignant tumours when being exposed to arsenic in utero. Furthermore arsenic is
connected with interference in DNA synthesis and repair, as well as with lipid and protein
peroxidation causing oxidative stress. It also destructs vital functions of the body in humans
and animals, such as inducing mitochondrial swelling and oedema of synapses.
Acute arsenic intoxication often results in gastrointestinal symptoms, skin lesions and shock,
ultimately resulting in the death of the patient.
One of arsenic’s main attributes is invading the neurological system, causing a degeneration
of neurons. It further results in a decreased intelligence quotient (IQ), peripheral paralysis,
cognitive dysfunction, and alterations in locomotion and memory loss. There has been a
correlation between arsenic intoxication and depression.
Arsenic acts also as a great endocrine disruptor (ED) causing disturbances in regulations
mediated by estrogen and other steroids. It is assumed that the estrogen receptor (ER) is very
sensitive to arsenic. Low doses of arsenic have been proven to suppress certain hormones
whilst enhancing others. Contrary to its toxicity, arsenic also has a positive chemotherapeutic
impact on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα).