Vírusok elleni DNS-alapú vakcinák az akvakultúrában : Irodalmi összefoglaló

Abstract

ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS Jelen összefoglalójukban a szerzők bemutatják az akvakultúra előtt álló kihívásokat és lehetőségeket a vírusok elleni védekezés területén, amely napjainkban az intenzív állattenyésztés – így a halgazdaságok – egyik legjelentősebb problémája. A hagyományos, plazmidalapú DNS-vakcinák, amelyeket az intenzív haltenyé- szetekben jelentős gazdasági károkat okozó vírusokkal szemben fejlesztettek ki, kifejezetten hatékonynak bizonyultak. Újabban állatorvosi területen is egyre nagyobb hangsúlyt fektetnek az önreplikálódó DNS- vagy RNS-vakcinák fejlesztésére, ill. több kutatás irányul az mRNS-alapú technológia alkalmazására is. SUMMARY In the veterinary health management including fish farming, one of the most important tasks is reducing mortality caused by infectious diseases with the help of vaccines. Progress and advancement in the fields of immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering have led to the development of reliable next-generation vaccines. Several next-generation vaccines have been developed for both human and veterinary use, which are more effective and economical than conventional vaccines. Nucleic acid-based DNA, RNA or self-replicating vaccines (replicons) could be an effective solution for aquaculture, too. A conventional DNA vaccine is usually a circular DNA plasmid that is suitable for in vivo gene expression and contains a gene of a protective antigenic protein from a pathogen of interest. In most cases, these constructions stimulate a broad protective immune response that includes innate and adaptive immunity. CLYNAV was the first DNA vaccine (against salmon pancreas disease) that received marketing authorization in the EU and was successfully applied in fish. Other promising nucleic acid vaccine constructs against viral diseases are the replicons. These are usually a modified version of the genome of an RNA virus. In fish, the salmonid alphavirus-based replicon vector system has been designed and tested. One of their benefits is these systems could be applied as RNA replicons or as DNA-layered plasmid constructs in animals and can produce a very large number of "subgenomic" mRNA copies of the encoded antigen. Currently, more research is being directed towards the development of mRNA-based technology, but so far there is no literature data on its use in fish.