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- This is a collection of documents from University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest
- Fulltext and abstracts of the 9th ICAHIS conference.
- Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja is the only peer-reviewed journal in Hungarian that publishes high-quality veterinary research.
- This is a collection of publications from University of Veterinary Medicine.
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A vadvilág védelme és a vadászat tisztaságának megőrzése igazságügyi genetikai módszerekkel hazai vadászható kérődző fajokban
(Állatorvostudományi Egyetem, Állatorvostudományi Doktori Iskola, 2026) Zorkóczy, Orsolya Krisztina
The trophy animals living in Hungary hold significant cultural and economic value. Among
them, large species such as the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), European mouflon
(Ovis aries musimon), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Dama dama) are
particularly noteworthy, as the trophies judged in Hungary from these species are regarded as
outstanding worldwide. However, due to the high value of both trophies and game meat, these
animals have become prime targets for poaching and other illegal activities. Proving such
violations, however, is often extremely difficult, since not only the identity of the perpetrator but
even the occurrence of the crime itself may be questioned. In cases where suspects can only
be linked to the scene through morphologically unrecognizable traces (such as cut meat, blood
stains, or hair), genetic testing can provide valuable support.
Depending on the research question, different genetic markers are required. In some
instances, sex determination is sufficient, while in others, species or even individual
identification is necessary. The aim of my research was to develop methods that advance
forensic investigations for the four local trophy species mentioned above. Sex and species
identification techniques were developed for the three antlered species, and both the
mitochondrial control region and a range of nuclear microsatellites were tested across all four
species. The genetic composition of each species reflects the historical factors shaping their
populations, including the ice age and subsequent expansion, as well as human-mediated
recolonisation and overhunting.
AmelogeninX/Y and SRY markers proved effective for sex determination, while the cytochrome
B marker was successfully applied for species identification. The mitochondrial control region
did not prove suitable for population-level identification, but it may still be valuable for
exclusion-based studies in European roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer, even though, like
other populations, fallow deer in Hungary display low haplotype diversity. For individual
identification, the DeerPlex and STRoe deer panels were effective in local red deer and roe
deer populations. and in fallow deer, 14 polymorphic markers were selected from 99 tetramer
microsatellites by the end of testing. In contrast, the European mouflon showed only a single
control region haplotype and three polymorphic microsatellites with low heterozygosity. For this
species, more extensive sampling and additional markers will be necessary.
Overall, the research goals were achieved for three out of four species, and the results will
support future judicial investigations including wildlife cases in Hungary.
Hibás tartásból eredő vedlési zavar és következményes végtaglefűződés vörösfülű ékszerteknősben (Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied 1838)
(2026-01) Gál, János; Ziszisz, Árisz; Hoitsy, Márton; Sándor, Balázs; Nógrádi, Anna Linda
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők közleményükben egy 9 éves, 850 gramm tömegű, nőstény vörösfülű
ékszerteknős (Trachemys scripta elegans) jobb mellső végtagján, a könyökízületnél, ill. a karcsont középső harmadában kialakult lefűződésről számolnak be.
Az állat lábán több helyen visszamaradt, beszáradt és gyűrűszerűen lefűződést
okozó hámrétegek miatt passzív, pangásos bővérűség alakult ki, amely részleges
csontfelszívódást okozott. Az ékszerteknőst a tulajdonos szabadon, a szobában
tartotta, száraz körülmények között. A végtag megmaradásának rossz kórjóslata
miatt az érintett végtagot amputálni kellett, amelynek műtéti körülményei is
leírásra kerülnek. A seb szövődménymentesen gyógyult.
SUMMARY
Background: Ecdysis is physiological in reptiles if humidity, temperature and
other factors are satisfactory for the needs of the species. Red-eared sliders
(Trachemys scripta elegans) spend excessive time in water and need that humidity
to shed their skin. Their old, dead skin is shed in pieces. Dysecdysis is an abnormal
process, which usually occurs due to improper husbandry or secondary reasons.
Objectives: The authors present a case of a red-eared slider, demonstrating a
prime example of how insufficient housing conditions can cause very serious and
irreversible conditions in reptiles.
Materials and methods: A 9-year-old female red-eared slider was presented to
the clinic due to a swollen right front limb. Dried skin was seen in rings around
the elbow and the middle third of the humerus. This skin tied off the circulation at
the distal part of the limb causing excessive swelling. The owner kept the animal
in a dry environment, roaming free in the apartment with another turtle and gave
them a short bath every morning. As a part of the clinical investigation, physical
examination and blood draw were conducted, and radiography was undertaken.
Results and discussion: Radiographs showed osteolysis in the humerus where
the rings of dried skin were seen upon physical examination. The ring-like strictures caused compression and a passive congestion. anaemia. Due to the condition of the leg and the partial bone absorption the authors opted for amputation
of the front right limb. During necropsy, the cut surface of the amputated limb
showed a red discoloration between the subcutaneous connective tissue and the
muscle layers. Histopathological examination showed signs of venous congestion,
which was caused by the strangulation of the limb. The surgical wound healed
without any complications.
Kisállateledel és -felszerelésbolttal rendelkező állatorvosi rendelők jövedelmezőségének összehasonlító elemzése Magyarországon
(2026-01) Vitéz-Móré, Tamás; Máté, Marietta; Ózsvári, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők bemutatják hazai állatorvosi rendelők főbb pénzügyi mutatóinak és
saját kisállateledel és -felszerelésbolt (továbbiakban: pet shop) üzemeltetésének
összehasonlító elemzését 100 db állatorvosi praxis 2023. évi hivatalos üzleti
adatai alapján. A pet shopot nem üzemeltető rendelőket összehasonlítva a
pet shoppal rendelkező praxisokkal az átlagos éves árbevétel 64,3 millió Ft vs.
206,3 millió Ft, az átlagos adózott eredmény pedig 5,5 millió Ft vs. 34,4 millió Ft,
továbbá az árbevételarányos adózott eredmény (return of sales, ROS) 8,6% vs.
16,7% volt, vagyis a pet shopot (üzletet, ill. webshopot és ennek B2B2C modelljét)
üzemeltető rendelők fő pénzügyi mutatói kedvezőbbek voltak.
SUMMARY
Background: Veterinary practices are increasingly seeking additional revenue
streams to improve profitability. Operating complementary businesses such as
online and offline pet shops has emerged as a strategic approach to increase
client engagement and overall financial performance.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the profitability differences
among veterinary clinics based on the integration of a pet shop service.
Materials and Methods: Key official business data for 2023 from 100 Hungarian
small animal veterinary practices were analysed. The sample included practices
with and without pet shops (54 vs. 46), geographically covering all counties,
including Budapest. Descriptive statistical analyses (mean, median, minimum,
maximum) were conducted, focusing on revenue, profit and profit margin, i.e.
return on sales (ROS, %).
Results and Discussion: Practices operating pet shops demonstrated notably
greater annual revenue (HUF 64.3 million vs. HUF 206.3 million), net profit (HUF
5.5 million vs. HUF 34.4 million), and profitability, with a return on sales of 16.7%
compared to 8.6% for those without such services. Offline pet shops facilitated
client acquisition and enhanced personal interactions, while online stores
broadened geographical reach and enabled data-driven marketing strategies. The
increasingly popular B2B2C model can significantly reduce inventory and logistical
costs, while increasing customer engagement, particularly when combining online
and offline channels. Overall, Hungarian veterinary practices with integrating pet
shop services showed greater average ROS by at least 8 percentage points.
Az omega-3-zsírsavkiegészítés élettani és klinikai hatásai lovakban : Szakirodalmi áttekintés
(2026-01) Dénesi, Dalma; Jerzsele, Ákos; Deák, Edit; Wagenhoffer, Zsombor; Korbacska-Kutasi, Orsolya
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az utóbbi években kiemelt figyelmet kapott az omega-3 zsírsavak szerepe a lovak
takarmányozásában és egészségmegőrzésében. Bár az omega-3 és omega-6 zsírsavak hatásait már széles körben vizsgálták, a lovak betegségeinek táplálóanyag- és vitaminhiánnyal összefüggő háttere még mindig nem kap kellő figyelmet. A
szerzők célja, hogy átfogó áttekintést nyújtsanak az omega-3 zsírsavak lovakra
gyakorolt élettani és klinikai hatásairól, valamint bemutassák a zsírsav-kiegészítés
alkalmazásának lehetőségeit és kihívásait.
SUMMARY
Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), certain compounds classified as essencial fatty acids (EFAs) are crucial for the nutrition of all mammals, including horses.
While the positive effects of various oil and fat supplements are well-documented, there is increasing interest in the specific roles that different fatty acids (FAs)
play in equine health and performance. The use of feed supplements is becoming
more widespread among horse owners, making it important to clarify their significance. PUFAs include two main types: omega-6 (Ω6) and omega-3 (Ω3) fatty
acids. Omega-6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), are
precursors to several biologically active eicosanoids, including prostaglandins (PG),
leukotrienes (LT), and thromboxanes (TX), which play significant roles in immune
responses, inflammatory processes, and blood clotting. Omega-3 fatty acids, mainly
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), are converted into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Horses have limited ability to convert ALA from plant
oils and fresh grass into EPA and DHA, due to the low activity of the enzyme responsible for this conversion. This process is influenced by various dietary factors,
particularly the Ω6:Ω3 ratio, as both fatty acids compete for the same enzyme. An
increased Ω6:Ω3 ratio may negatively impact inflammatory processes and overall
health, as Ω6 fatty acids promote the synthesis of eicosanoids that may cause
inflammation and other issues. In humans, Ω3 PUFAs have been shown to have
immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties. Omega-3 fatty
acids, such as ALA, EPA, and DHA, reduce inflammatory responses and have beneficial effects on conditions like metabolic syndrome, glucose utilization, and insulin
sensitivity in horses. They also play a role in alleviating symptoms of recurrent
airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory respiratory diseases. Omega-3s reduce
oxidative stress and support muscle regeneration, which is essential in various
muscle disorders. They improve coat condition and quality, while also alleviating
skin problems. Additionally, they have beneficial effects on the nervous system and
digestive issues caused by stress, and are important for improving reproduction and
fertility. This summary aims to emphasize the critical role of nutrition in managing
various diseases in horses, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate feed
and supplements to optimize equine health and recovery, ensuring the maximum
effectiveness of treatments and the long-term well-being of the animal.
Bőrleishmaniosis kutyában – esetismertetés és irodalmi áttekintés
(2026-01) Tóth, Zsombor Tamás; Vizi, Zsuzsanna; Márialigeti, Márton; Vida, Kata; Falus, Fruzsina; Tarpataki, Noémi
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők egy bőrtüneteket mutató, Leishmania-fertőzött kutya esetét ismertetik,
valamint átfogó képet nyújtanak a Magyarországon is egyre gyakrabban azonosított protozoonozisról. A Törökországból származó, 4 éves keverék kan kutya hónapok óta progrediáló bőrtünetek miatt érkezett az Állatorvostudományi Egyetem
Kisállatklinikájára 2024. januárjában. A kutya gyenge kondíciójú, sorvadt izomzatú, lázas volt, a fejen és a lábvégeken hámló és pörkös bőrtüneteket mutatott.
A leishmaniosis gyanúját a szerológiai és a citológiai vizsgálat is megerősítette.
Jelen tanulmány írásának időpontjában a kutya gyógykezelés mellett tünetmentes.
SUMMARY
Background: Leishmaniosis is a globally significant vector-borne parasitic disease
of dogs and human population, with clinical manifestations ranging from subclinical infections to life-threatening systemic conditions. Transmitted by sand flies
of the Phlebotomus genus, the disease is present in close to 100 countries and
poses a growing public health challenge due to climate change, human mobility and changed dog-keeping practices. Historically confined to Mediterranean
regions in Europe, its geographic range is expanding northward, with non-endemic areas now reporting cases.
Objectives: This case report describes a canine cutaneous leishmaniosis presentation at the Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine in
Budapest. The patient, a 4-year-old male mixed-breed dog from Turkey, exhibited
progressive skin lesions accompanied by fever and lymphadenopathy.
Materials and methods: Following comprehensive physical and diagnostic
evaluations, we identified exfoliative dermatitis affecting the pinnae, dorsal
surfaces of the paws, and lateral aspects of the ankles. Cytological analysis of
the submandibular and popliteal lymph nodes, combined with serological tests,
confirmed the presence of a Leishmania infection. The dog was treated with allopurinol and underwent a dietary modification. Since the diagnosis and initiation
of treatment, the dog has remained symptom-free.
Results and discussion: The first autochthonous case of canine leishmaniosis
(CanL) in Hungary was reported in 2007 in Tolna County, where 30% of dogs in a
kennel were infected with Leishmania infantum, despite no sand flies (Phlebotomus
spp.) being captured in the area. The case we present underscores the potential for increased incidence of leishmaniosis in Hungary due to the importation
of dogs from endemic areas. This trend suggests that veterinarians should be
vigilant for signs of the disease in dogs brought into the country from regions
where leishmaniosis is prevalent.
Ló állkapocsszöglet-törésének rögzítése I-es típusú fixateur externaként alkalmazott szögstabil lemezzel : Esetismertetés
(2026-01) Németh, Anita; Németh, Gergely; Pál, Zsófia; Bódai, Emese; Tóth, Péter
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Lovak esetében gyakoriak a traumás fejsérülések, különösen az állkapocstörések,
amelyek kezelésére konzervatív és sebészi eljárások ismertek. A szerzők közleményükben egy négyéves kanca állkapocsszögletét (angulus mandibulae) érintő,
egyoldali, nyílt, nem diszlokált romtörésének rögzítését mutatják be LCP (locking
compression plate) fixateur externaként történő alkalmazásával. A technika lehetővé tette a törés stabil rögzítését minimális lágyszöveti traumával egy nehezen
hozzáférhető területen. Sikeres operációt követően az állat szövődménymentesen,
jó funkcionális és kozmetikai eredménnyel gyógyult.
SUMMARY
Background: Traumatic head injuries, including jaw fractures resulting from
kicks, falls, or collisions, are prevalent in horses. Skittish behaviour of horses,
along with their tendency to make sudden head movements, contribute to the
high-frequency of such injuries. Several surgical techniques are available to treat
mandibular fractures, including intraoral wiring, screw fixation, external fixation,
and plate osteosynthesis. The prognosis for recovery is generally favorable due
to an abundant blood supply to the head.
Objectives: To describe the use of a locking compression plate (LCP) and locking
head screws (LHS) as an external fixateur for the treatment of a comminuted
mandibular fracture in a horse, and report associated complications and outcome.
Materials and Methods: A four-year-old mare was presented for treatement
of a suspected mandibular fracture. At the time of presentation, the horse was
unable to chew or swallow its food. Physical examination findings were consistent
with skin damage and soft tissue swelling around the right angle of the mandible.
Digital radiography and CT confirmed the presence of a comminuted, non-displaced fracture of the right mandibular angle that was open but stable on palpation.
The fracture was stabilized with an LCP and LHS applied as an external fixateur.
Results and Discussion: At the time of implant removal, 16 weeks postoperatively, ongoing healing of the fracture with mineralized callus formation was
apparent on radiography.
In summary, a locking compression plate used in combination with locking head
screws as an external fixator presents a viable approach for the treatment of mandibular fractures, especially in cases when the fracture is open and/or infected.
Investigation into the anti-inflammatory effects of metabolites from fungal and plant origin employing chicken-derived in vitro models
(Állatorvostudományi Egyetem, 2025) Tráj, Patrik
Since the use of antibiotics as growth promoters was banned in the European Union on 1 January 2006, veterinary medicine desperately needs effective antibiotic alternatives. There is a focus on prevention, good husbandry, hygiene and the use of alternative growth promoters to increase production and maintain animal health. Extensive scientific research is being carried out on the subject to tackle antimicrobial resistance, which is one of the most important current public health concerns. Poultry farming, the most intensive sector of animal production, urgently needs to identify potential antibiotic alternatives to meet growing consumption demands and reduce its significant contribution to the issue of antibiotic resistance.
Tejhasznú tehenek méhgyulladása elleni probiotikus készítmény fejlesztése és vizsgálata
(Állatorvostudományi Egyetem, 2025) Várhidi, Zsóka
Reproductive performance issues present a significant challenge for large-scale commercial dairy
cattle farms in terms of veterinary medicine, farm management and economy. Postpartum uterine
diseases affect almost every second dairy cow. Generally accepted treatment protocols for uterine
diseases include antibiotics, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and hormones. Due to the
spreading resistance towards antibiotics, demand for alternative treatment and prevention options
also increases nowadays. Probiotics are currently in the focus of scientific interest. Probiotics are
live microorganisms that offer beneficial effects for the host organism when administered in the
proper dosage. These effects are strain-specific so potential probiotics have to go through strict in
vitro and in vivo examinations before they can be clinically evaluated. The aim of our research was
to identify the bacterial composition of healthy vaginal microbiome in dairy cattle and to further
investigate potentially probiotic isolates thus creating an intravaginal probiotic product to prevent
uterine diseases in the periparturient period. Fifty-four bacterial species were successfully identified
from healthy dairy cows’ vaginal microbiome. Of these, 87% were Gram-positive and 13% were
Gram-negative. Five potentially probiotic isolates were selected for resistance genes and antibiotic
sensitivity testing. Citotoxicity and transepithelial electrical resistance measurements were also
performed on different bacterial strains.
Az Állategészségügyi Igazságügyi Szakértői Testület tevékenysége
(2025-12) Csintalan, Csaba; Visnyei, László; Fodor, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az igazságszolgáltatás és a hatóságok munkája során felmerülő, az állategészségügy és az élelmiszerlánc-biztonság területét érintő, több szakterületet átfogó
kérdések szakmai véleményezésére létrehozott Állategészségügyi Igazságügyi
Szakértői Testület 10 éves (2013 és 2022 közötti) munkája során 24 ügyben adott
szakvéleményt a bíróságoknak és a hatóságoknak, valamint 8 jogszabálytervezetet
véleményezett. Bár az igazságügyi szakértői testületek működését meghatározó
kormányrendelet lehetőséget ad arra, hogy a bíróságok és a hatóságok igazságügyi szakértői testületet rendeljenek ki a több szakterületet érintő kérdések
véleményezésére, ezzel a lehetőséggel kevéssé élnek.
SUMMARY
Background: Courts and investigative authorities frequently ask for the assistance of forensic experts to establish facts, connections or other circumstances
that require special professional expertise. Juridical opinion is given by forensic
veterinary experts in the field of animal health and food chain safety. However,
there are many questions which require specific expertise, experience and often
a comprehensive knowledge of several specialised veterinary areas within the
field. The Veterinary Forensic Expert Board has been set up to answer such
complex questions.
Objectives: The authors intended to summarise the work of the Board that
prepared expert opinions in forensic cases and commented on draft legislations
during two cycles of its operation, between 2013 and 2022.
Results and Discussion: The Board provided expert opinions in 24 cases based
on the assignment of courts or investigative authorities and reviewed 8 draft
legislations at the request of the Ministry of Justice during the ten years examined.
Most of the assignments came from courts, 25% of the cases were criminal or
suspected criminal ones. No significant differences could be seen in the cases
coming in the last two full cycles. Topics related to infectious diseases, nutrition
and management of farm animals used to account for the majority of cases in
the past, while diseases of pets such as dogs, cats and horses have been the
most frequent ones on the agenda in the last ten years. There has also been a
clear increase in the number of animal cruelty and welfare issues. Although the
government decree determining the operation of forensic expert boards allows
courts and authorities for assigning forensic expert boards to give expert opinion,
they rarely take advantage of this opportunity.
Marketingkommunikációs eszközök alkalmazása a magyarországi kisállatgyógyászati praxisokban
(2025-12) Máté, Marietta; Ózsvári, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az állatorvosi praxisok marketingkommunikációja napjainkban egyre fontosabb a
digitális és közösségi média hatékony ügyféltájékoztató és népszerűsítő szerepe
miatt. A szerzők a kisállatpraxisok marketingeszközeinek alkalmazását vizsgálták,
115 magyarországi kisállatgyógyász állatorvos válaszát elemezve egy online kérdőív
segítségével 2025 januárjában. Az eredmények alapján a leggyakoribb marketingeszköz az oktatási anyagok megosztása (50,9%) volt, főként a Facebook (86,4%) és
a saját weboldal segítségével. A marketinggel kapcsolatban a legnagyobb akadály
az időhiány (81,8%) volt, míg a jövőbeli fejlesztések között kiemelten szerepelt a
mobilalkalmazások bevezetése és a közösségimédia-jelenlét erősítése.
SUMMARY
Background: Marketing communication in veterinary practices is becoming
increasingly important, as digital platforms and social media are powerful tools
for informing clients and promoting services.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the marketing tools used
by small animal veterinary practices in Hungary, and how the practitioners’ age
and gender, and the geographical location of their practices influence marketing
communication strategies.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a 15-question online
questionnaire, which was completed by 115 Hungarian small animal veterinary
practitioners between 9 and 28 January 2025.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the most common
marketing tools were sharing educational materials (50.9%), telephone consultations (33.6%) and social media activities (33.6%). The majority of practices
used Facebook (86.4%) and their own websites (48.2%) to reach clients. Out of
the total respondents, 96.2% of veterinarians younger than 40 years used Facebook, while the proportion was 63.6% for those over 55 years. Moreover, 40.9%
of respondents considered social media to be effective, 11.3% very effective and
4.3% not useful at all, respectively. Marketing barriers included vets’ lack of time
(81.8%), difficulty in creating effective content (44.5%) and lack of knowledge of
marketing tools (34.5%). Customer satisfaction was mostly measured through
personal feedback (74.6%) and online reviews (49.1%), while 20.2% of the surveyed
practices did not measure it at all. The most successful marketing activities were
sharing educational contents (34.3%), promotional campaigns (e.g., discounts,
package deals) (31.4%) and social media campaigns (24.8%). Future marketing
plans of the vets include developing mobile apps (46.0%), strengthening social
media presence (46.0%) and introducing new digital tools (39.8%). The results
highlight that integrating modern technologies and developing targeted client
communications are key for practices.
Myxomatosis patológiai elváltozásai mezei nyúlban (Lepus europaeus)
(2025-12) Gál, János; Marosán, Miklós; Vincze, Zoltán; Tóth, Tamás
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők az idei év őszén, Magyarországon mezei nyúlban megjelent
myxomatosis esetek kapcsán készítettek egy áttekintő, összehasonlító elemzést
a tekintetben, hogy a régen ismert házinyúl myxomatosis és a most megfigyelt
kórkép kórbonctani, kórszövettani elváltozásai milyen mértékben térnek el a két
faj esetében. A mezei nyúlban megfigyelt szervi lokalizációk nagyrészt egyeznek
a házinyúl esetében már ismertekkel, azzal az eltéréssel, hogy az előbbi fajban
kevésbé jellemző a füleken kialakuló gyulladásos gócok megjelenése. A bőrben
található kórszövettani elváltozások mind a két fajban azonosak, közöttük eltérés
nem mutatkozik.
SUMMARY
Background: Myxomatosis appeared in wild brown hares a few years ago
and was confirmed in Hungary this autumn. The disease can be caused by the
classic myxomatosis virus (MYXV) that infects domestic rabbits and by recombinant (ha-MYXV) strains in brown hares, in which acute lesions localized on the
skin of the head and genitals can be observed.
Material and methods: In October this year, we dissected a total of 15 wild
hares from several areas in Western Hungary and performed histopathological
examinations of the affected organs. In our work, we compared the pathological
abnormalities observed in wild and domestic rabbits with previously published
data.
Results and discussion: In our work, we dissected 15 hares (8 adults and 1 juvenile, a total of 9 bucks, and 5 adults and 1 juvenile, a total of 6 females). Edema
of the eyelids, lesions on the mucous membrane of the eyelids, and inflammatory edema of the genitals were detected in all individuals. In 13.33% of the hare
bucks, we also found subcutaneous edema accompanied by diffuse swelling of
the skin of the head, which is not well known in Oryctolagus sp. However, ear
lesions, which are common in domestic and wild rabbits, were significantly less
frequent in brown hares (33.33%). The histopathological lesions described in cases
of myxomatosis of domestic rabbits were 100% consistent with those found in
wild brown hares.
Usutu-vírus (USUV) okozta megbetegedés kacsákban : Esetismertetés
(2025-12) Kecskeméti, Sándor; Matiz, Katalin; Gyuris, Éva; Thuma, Ákos; Fézer, Brigitta; Bistyák, Andrea; Ursu, Krisztina
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A Flaviviridae család Orthoflavivirus genusába tartozó, szúnyogok közvetítette Usutu-vírus (USUV) (Orthoflavivirus usutuense) mellett a nyugat-nílusi vírus
(West Nile virus, WNV), az izraeli pulyka meningoencephalitis vírus (Israel Turkey
Meningoencephalitis, ITV) és a Tembusu vírus (TMUV) madarakban esetenként
jelentős megbetegedéssel és elhullással járó kórképeket okoz. A szerzők által
vizsgált kelet-magyarországi tenyészkacsa állományban a tojástermelés néhány nap alatt jelentősen lecsökkent. A megfigyelt elváltozások és járványtani
adatok, ill. a szóba jöhető egyéb betegségek és kórképek kizárása miatt a
megbetegedések hátterében a reverz transzkriptáz polimeráz láncreakcióval
(RT-PCR) kimutatott és sejttenyészetben izolált Usutu-vírusok (USUV) oktani
szerepét feltételezik.
SUMMARY
Background: In addition to the mosquito-borne Usutu virus (USUV) (Orthoflavivirus usutuense) belonging to the genus Orthoflavivirus of the Flaviviridae
family, West Nile virus, Israeli turkey meningoencephalitis virus and Tembusu
virus occasionally cause significant morbidity and mortality in birds.
Objectives: In 2024 in two houses of a breeding duck flock in eastern Hungary the egg production dropped severely within few days. Its maximum was on
day 7, at 47-63% of the original level, and then slowly began to rise, but never
reached the technological level. At the same time, the previously sporadic daily
mortality increased to 30-55 within 3-4 days and slowly decreased to the usual
level. The food and water consumption slightly declined, the ducks’ behaviour
did not change. We did not experience any eggshell abnormality.
Materials and Methods: At necropsy scattered petechial haemorrhages were
observed under the epicardium and in the liver. The spleen was slightly swollen
and marbled, the ovarian follicles were hyperaemic, haemorrhagic, and degenerated. The histopathological picture was dominated by haemorrhages and degeneration in the liver and in the ovaries. Lymphohistiocytic interstitialis hepatitis,
mild lymphocyte infiltration in the ovaries and mild lymphohistiocytic infiltration in the oviductus were observed. In the brain occasionally focal lymphocytic
encephalitis was revealed. Cytopathogen effect was detected on Vero cells inoculated with ovaria samples. In the majority of the tested organs the pan-flavivirus
RT-PCR was positive. On the base of the sequence analysis of the RT-PCR product
we identified the detected virus as USUV belonging to European Lineage 2.
Results and Discussion: Due to the observed pathological changes and epidemiological data, and the exclusion of other possible diseases and pathologies,
we assume the causal role of USUV in the background of the diseases. To our
knowledge, no cases of USUV disease in ducks have been reported, and according to the data we know no USUV have been detected in ducks.
A sertés fertőző bélbetegségeinek in vitro modellezési lehetőségei : Irodalmi összefoglaló
(2025-12) Somogyi, Fanni; Farkas, Orsolya
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A modern sertéstartásban állandó kihívást jelentenek a fertőző eredetű bélbetegségek. A bélpatogének által elindított kórfolyamatok, valamint a megelőzési
és kezelési lehetőségek felderítésében a bélrendszert reprezentáló fajspecifikus
in vitro modellek kulcsszerepet töltenek be. Számos lehetőség áll a kutatók rendelkezésére, a régóta ismert bélhámsejt-monokultúráktól és a belőlük kialakított
ko-kultúráktól kezdve az explant tenyészeteken át az őssejteredetű organoidokig.
Jelen tanulmányban a szerzők áttekintést adnak a sertéseredetű bélmodellek fő
tulajdonságairól és a különböző típusú vizsgálatokban való felhasználhatóságukról.
SUMMARY
Enteropathies of infectious origin pose a constant challenge in modern pig
farming. Besides causing significant economic loss, they can also lead to
foodborne illnesses in humans and can contribute to the emerging antimicrobial resistance by necessitating antibiotic use, therefore it is imperative to
gain more information about prevention and treatment. To adhere to the 3R
principles of using as few live animals in experiments as possible, it is vital to develop
species-specific intestinal in vitro models to study the pathologic processes
behind porcine enteropathies, and to explore prevention and treatment options.
Monocultures containing only enterocytes are relatively easy and cheap to
produce, especially from available porcine cell lines, and the variables can be controlled strictly, thus, they are useful for isolating the specific molecular processes
behind infectious enteric diseases. Creating co-cultures by using membrane
inserts and adding another cell type, most commonly immune cells, elevates
the complexity of the model, and enables the researcher to study the immune
response more closely. More complex models such as explant and organoid cultures are harder to establish and maintain. Explants, which are intestinal tissue
samples taken from euthanized pigs, remain viable for only a short period of
time, and organoids, which are created by culturing crypt-derived intestinal stem
cells, take weeks to produce, and treating the cells from the apical surface poses
a challenge. These models, however, are invaluable, because when it comes to
cellular heterogeneity and tissue morphology, they are near identical to the in vivo
porcine intestine, making them an excellent tool for studying the pathological
processes behind porcine infectious enteropathies.
Kondicionális és marginális modellek az állategészségügyben a szarvasmarha paratuberkulózis példáján bemutatva
(Állatorvostudományi Egyetem / University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2025) Veres, Katalin
Noctua 29. évf. 3. szám (2025)
(2025-09)
Múzeumok Éjszakája az Állatorvostudományi Egyetemen - szubjektív beszámolók. A könyvtári használói elégedettségmérés eredményei 2024-ből.
Bioinformatics analysis of the waterfowl pathogen Mycoplasma species
(Állatorvostudományi Egyetem / University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2025) Kovács, Áron Botond
Praxismenedzsment-szoftverek alkalmazása a magyarországi állatorvosi praxisokban
(2025-11) Vladár, Bence Csaba; Máté, Marietta; Ózsvári, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az állatorvosi praxismenedzsment-szoftverek hatékonyan támogatják a rendelők
adminisztratív, pénzügyi és ügyfélkezelési folyamatait, különösen, ha ötvözik
a felhőalapú technológia rugalmasságát és az ERP rendszerek komplexitását.
A szerzők bemutatják a Magyarországon leggyakrabban használt rendszereket, azok funkcióit és piaci helyzetét, valamint értékelik a bevezetésük során
tapasztalható szolgáltatói és felhasználói kihívásokat. Az eredmények alapján a
jövőben a rugalmas, felhőalapú rendszerek kerülhetnek előtérbe a digitalizációs
trendek és gazdaságossági szempontok miatt, amelyek költséghatékonyságuk
és távoli elérhetőségük révén ideális alapot nyújtanak a kisméretű állatorvosi
rendelőktől a nagyobb klinikákig.
SUMMARY
Background: Veterinary practice management software (VPMS) is playing an
increasingly important role in supporting the administrative, financial and client-related tasks of modern veterinary clinics. The integration of cloud-based
technology and ERP systems enables more flexible, scalable and cost-effective
solutions, particularly relevant in the context of digital transformation.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the
practice management software solutions available in Hungary, with a particular focus on their features, pricing models, market penetration and the main challenges
faced by service providers and veterinary users. Particular emphasis was placed on
the emergence and potential of cloud-based systems in the small animal sector.
Materials and Methods: The analysis was based on publicly available market
data and expert knowledge. The most common Hungarian veterinary software
systems were analysed in terms of functionality, support models, licensing options and cloud availability. Barriers to adoption were also reviewed from both
the supplier’s and user’s perspectives.
Results and Discussion: The Hungarian veterinary software market is cur-
rently saturated, dominated by a single, long-established system, creating barriers to entry for new products. Most users are highly price-sensitive and older
veterinarians are often reluctant to adopt new digital tools. However, newer
cloud-based systems offer remote access, mobile responsiveness and integration with national databases (e.g. PetVetData), making them increasingly attractive. Challenges reported in the Hungarian market include the lack of prior IT
and support experience among some providers, generational resistance to digital tools and concerns over the reliability and data security of cloud-based systems. However, the trend towards the flexibility and scalability of cloud platforms, as well as digital record-keeping and automated customer communication
(e.g. reminders, integrated billing), suggests that demand will grow in the future.
For suppliers with strong financial backing, in particular veterinary wholesalers,
offering VPMS solutions can strengthen customer loyalty and serve as a strategic
business tool.
Zsírsavakat tartalmazó készítmények használata kutyák atópiás bőrgyulladásának kezelésében : Irodalmi áttekintés
(2025-11) Tóth, Zsombor Tamás; Tarpataki, Noémi
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők közleményükben szakirodalmi adatok alapján bemutatják az esszenciális
zsírsavak (essential fatty acid, EFA) és egyéb lipidek szerepét a kutyák atópiás
dermatitiszének (canine atopic dermatitis, cAD) terápiájában. A cAD mint krónikus megbetegedés, állandó állatorvosi ellenőrzést és élethosszig tartó kezelést
igényel, amely a multimodális megközelítés értelmében gyógyszeres és azt
kiegészítő, támogató kezelést jelent. Az EFA-készítmények oralisan és helyileg
alkalmazva sikeresen használhatók cAD-ban szenvedő kutyák sérült bőrgátjának
helyreállítására. Egyes hatóanyagokkal szinergistaként hatva mérsékelhető az
adott hatóanyag dózisa, ezáltal a káros mellékhatások kialakulásának esélye.
SUMMARY
In this article, the authors present a review based on literature data regarding
the role of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the therapy of canine atopic dermatitis
(cAD). CAD is the most common inflammatory skin disease in the dog population,
characterized by inflammation and pruritus, with genetic factors and environmental influences playing a crucial role in its development. The skin serves multiple
functions, including regulating water loss through the epidermis and providing
protection against exogenous pathogens and allergens. The authors discuss the
importance of the skin barrier and the structure of the lipid barrier, particularly
focusing on the properties of sphingolipids and ceramides. The symptomatic
treatment of cAD is a lifelong process that employs a multimodal approach utilizing various active substances. Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medications
can have adverse side effects and impose significant financial burdens on pet
owners. EFAs have the potential to influence allergic inflammation by modulating the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, inhibiting cellular
activation and cytokine secretion, and altering the composition and function
of the epidermal lipid barrier. Due to these multifaceted effects, EFAs are proposed as a treatment for cAD. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated
that EFAs-containing therapeutics, when administered both orally and topically,
can effectively restore the damaged skin barrier in dogs suffering from cAD.
By acting synergistically with certain active agents, it is possible to reduce the
dosage of these agents, thereby decreasing the likelihood of adverse side effects.
EFAs-containig supplements can be integrated into the multimodal therapy for
cAD and are considered safe for use. This review highlights the potential benefits
of EFAs in managing cAD symptoms, while emphasizing their role in enhancing
skin barrier function and reducing reliance on conventional therapies that may
have undesirable effects.
Oklacitinib – A használati utasításon túl : Irodalmi összefoglaló
(2025-11) Tarpataki, Noémi; Tóth, Zsombor Tamás
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az oklacitinib (Apoquel ®) tíz éve került állatorvosi alkalmazásba, és az érvényes
használati utasításban szereplő indikációkon túl (kutyák allergiás bőrbetegsége)
egyre több kutatás vizsgálja más fajokban és nem allergiás kórképekben is az
alkalmazását. Jelen irodalmi áttekintésben a szerzők bemutatják a hatóanyag
szerepét az allergiás bőrgyulladáshoz társuló másodlagos pyodermák kezelésének
támogatásában, macskák atópiás és egyes autoimmun betegségeiben, valamint
kutyák különböző immunmediált és daganatos kórképeiben, ill. lovak, görények
és medvék viszketéscsillapításában. Az eredmények ígéretesek, azonban a rutinszerű alkalmazáshoz további, kontrollált vizsgálatok szükségesek a hatékonyság
és biztonságosság pontos megítéléséhez.
SUMMARY
Oclacitinib maleate (Apoquel ®
), a first-generation selective JAK1 inhibitor, has
been in clinical use for over ten years, originally approved for the management of
allergic pruritus and canine atopic dermatitis. Since then, an increasing number
of independent publications have reported its use beyond the registered indications. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding off-label applications, including the adjunctive role of oclacitinib in treating secondary pyodermas in atopic cases, its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in cats, and
its potential therapeutic value in various immune-mediated, autoimmune,
and neoplastic conditions in dogs. In felines, promising responses have been
observed in atopic skin syndrome and pemphigus foliaceus, though pharmacokinetic variability and long-term safety concerns highlight the need for careful
monitoring. Case reports and small studies in dogs indicate efficacy in conditions
such as ischemic dermatopathy, ear tip ulcerative dermatitis, perianal fistulas,
lupus erythematosus variants, pemphigus foliaceus, sterile pyogranulomatous
syndrome, and alopecia areata. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests a
potential role in oncology, including lymphomas, sarcomas and mast cell tumors,
with possible radiosensitizing effects via STAT3 modulation. Beyond companion
animals, exploratory data also report favorable outcomes in horses, ferrets and
even Andean bears, further supporting the drug’s broad immunomodulatory
potential across species. While overall well tolerated, oclacitinib carries risks of
opportunistic infections and intoxication in case of accidental overdosing, particularly with chewable formulations. In summary, oclacitinib is a valuable and
fast-acting immunomodulatory option with broad potential, but further controlled
studies are needed for off-label indications to clarify its long-term safety, optimal
dosage, and precise location in veterinary dermatology and internal medicine.
Az oklacitinibbel kapcsolatos tapasztalatok a bevezetést követő 10 év elteltével : Irodalmi összefoglaló
(2025-11) Jerzsele, Ákos; Varga, Zsolt
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők a 2013-ban az USA-ban, ill. 2014-ben az Európában bemutatott, a Janus-kináz-gátlók (JAK-gátlók) csoportjába tartozó, szájon át adható, a kutyák atópiás és allergiás bőrgyulladásának, ill. egyéb, viszketéssel járó kórképeinek kezelésére
alkalmazható hatóanyagot, az oklacitinibet mutatják be. Részletesen tárgyalják a
kutyák allergiás/atópiás bőrgyulladásának kórélettanát, a citokinek és a JAK-enzim
szerepét a betegség patomechanizmusában, ill. az elmúlt több, mint 10 év során
megjelent számos szakcikk elemzésével írnak a hatóanyag hatásmechanizmusáról,
farmakokinetikai tulajdonságairól és a készítmény biztonságosságáról.
SUMMARY
The purpose of this literature review is to summarize, based on articles published over the past 10 years, the accumulated knowledge on the mechanism of
action, pharmacokinetics, and safety of oclacitinib maleat, a JAK-inhibitor that
was introduced in USA in 2013 and then in 2014 in Europe for the treatment of
allergodermatitis and atopic dermatitis of dogs. Atopic dermatitis is a severe,
frequently occurring skin disease in dogs.The authors also discuss the pathophysiology of allergic/atopic dermatitis in dogs, the role of citokins and JAK enzymes
in the pathomechanism of the disease. Oclacitinib - thanks to its several important advantages concerning efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety compared
to conventional therapies used for this disease - opened a new perspective
in the treatment of allergic and atopic dermatitis of dogs. The authors present
the active substance’s antiinflammatory, antipruritic and antiallergic effects as
the pharmacological result of the mechanism of action. They analyze numerous studies related to the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the preparation.
The authors discuss in detail the numerous studies published on the safety
of the preparation. They also provide a detailed analysis of current knowledge
regarding the selectivity of the active ingredient. The authors conclude that the
clinical efficacy and negligible toxicity of oclcitinib are outstanding compared to
currently used active substances.
Oclacitinib has proven to be a fastacting, safe, and effective drug in veterinary
medicine for the treatment of the aforementioned conditions associated with
itching. Based on its efficacy and safety profile, oclacitinib can be described as
the first-line treatment for itching associated with allergic dermatitis in dogs
older than 12 months and for the clinical symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Since
the market launch of the oclacitinib-containing product, its safety and efficacy
profile has remained consistent with that described in the product information,
and the overall benefit-risk ratio of the product is positive.