A HuVetA Magyar Állatorvos-tudományi Archívum az Állatorvostudományi Egyetem adattára. Célja, hogy a magyar állatorvos-tudomány és -történet dokumentumait, tudásvagyonát elektronikus formában összegyűjtse, rendszerezze, megőrizze, kereshetővé és hozzáférhetővé tegye.
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- This is a collection of documents from University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest
- Fulltext and abstracts of the 9th ICAHIS conference.
- Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja is the only peer-reviewed journal in Hungarian that publishes high-quality veterinary research.
- This is a collection of publications from University of Veterinary Medicine.
Recent Submissions
Az állatvédelem és a húsfogyasztás közötti összefüggés vizsgálata állatorvostan-hallgatók körében
(2026-11) Schuszter, Blanka; Fodor, Kinga; Lorászkó, Gábor; Bozsó, Dorottya
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az állatvédelem egyik gyakran felmerülő kérdése, hogy összeegyeztethető-e
az állatvédői szemlélet és a húsfogyasztás. Kutatásunkban ezt a dilemmát az
Állatorvostudományi Egyetem állatorvostanhallgatói körében térképeztük fel,
akik már csak a hivatásukból kifolyólag is az állatok védelmezői lesznek. A szerzők online kérdőívvel 307 hallgató véleményét gyűjtötték össze a magyar, angol
és német nyelvű képzésekről. Eredményeik alapján a hallgatók többsége nem
tartja ellentmondásosnak a húsevést és az állatvédői magatartást, ugyanakkor
a külföldi hallgatók körében gyakoribb volt az etikai megfontolásból választott
növényi étrend és a húsfogyasztás elutasítása.
SUMMARY
Background: The relationship between animal protection and meat consumption is a long-standing ethical debate that reflects broader questions about the
human-animal relationship. In recent years, social discussions on vegetarian and
vegan diets have become increasingly prominent, often linked to environmental
and animal welfare concerns. Veterinary students represent a particularly relevant
group in this context, as they are future professionals who must reconcile ethical
convictions with scientific and practical realities. Understanding their attitudes
provides insight into how future veterinarians may approach animal protection
both professionally and personally.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess how veterinary students perceive
the connection between meat consumption and animal protection, and whether
they consider these two aspects compatible.
Materials and Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed
among veterinary students enrolled in Hungarian, English and German language
programmes at the University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest. A total of 307
responses were analysed, focusing on demographic factors such as gender and
age, as well as the respondents’ attitudes towards meat consumption, vegetarian
or vegan diets, and ethical considerations related to food choices.
Results and Discussion: The majority of students did not consider meat consumption to be incompatible with animal protection principles. However, notable
differences were observed between student groups. Respondents studying in
foreign language programmes were more likely to follow a plant-based diet and
to reject meat consumption for ethical reasons. Most participants viewed diet
as a personal choice, yet cultural and individual values strongly influenced their
opinions. The results highlight that attitudes towards animal protection and
eating habits are complex and shaped by multiple personal and cultural factors.
Baromfi-kórokozók előfordulásának felmérése magyarországi baromfitelepeken gyűjtött madártetűatkákban (Dermanyssus gallinae) és alombogarakban (Alphitobius diaperinus)
(2026-11) Eszterbauer, Edit; Kaján, Győző László; Kóczán, Patrícia; Kovács, Antónia; Kreizinger, Zsuzsa; Kovács, Dorottya; Dán, Ádám; Seres, Laura; Kovács, László; Kőrösi, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők célja a hazai baromfitelepeken gyűjtött madártetűatkákban és alombogarakban előforduló baromfi-kórokozók felmérése volt. Tizenhét gazdaságból származó 110 madártetűatka- és 46 alombogármintában vizsgálták baromfi-kórokozók
jelenlétét PCR- és metagenomikai módszerekkel. Leggyakrabban circovírust, a
fertőző bronchitis vírusát, Salmonella enterica-t és Histomonas meleagridis-t
mutattak ki. A mélyalmos rendszerekben nagyobb átlagos kórokozóterhelést
tapasztaltak. Eredményeik valószínűsítik, hogy e kártevők szerepet játszhatnak
a kórokozók telepen belüli fennmaradásában, ezáltal kiemelik járványtani jelentőségüket és a hatékony védekezés fontosságát.
SUMMARY
Background: The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) and darkling beetle
(Alphitobius diaperinus) may contribute to the persistence and spread of poultry
pathogens, but limited information is available regarding their epidemiological
role in Hungarian poultry farms.
Objectives: The study aimed to investigate selected poultry pathogens in poultry
red mite and darkling beetle samples collected from Hungarian poultry farms.
Materials and Methods: A total of 110 red mite and 46 darkling beetle samples were collected from 17 poultry farms. Samples were analysed by PCR and
RT-PCR assays targeting adenoviruses, circoviruses, avian influenza virus (AIV),
infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Salmonella enterica, Mycoplasma gallisepticum,
M. synoviae and Histomonas meleagridis. Selected samples were also examined
by metagenomic sequencing.
Results and Discussion: Circoviruses were the most frequently detected pathogens in both poultry red mite (33.0%) and darkling beetle (39.1%) samples. IBV
and S. enterica were detected sporadically, while H. meleagridis was identified
exclusively in red mites. AIV and Mycoplasma spp. were not detected. Metagenomic analysis revealed heterogeneous microbial communities and identified several
additional poultry-associated or zoonotic microorganisms, including Alpharetrovirus, Clostridium perfringens, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni and
Chlamydia psittaci. Higher average pathogen levels were observed in deep-litter
systems compared to cage housing. Our results suggest that poultry red mites and
darkling beetles may contribute to the environmental persistence and mechanical
dissemination of pathogens within poultry farms.
Egy rejtélyes betegség nyomában: sertések vérzéses bélszindrómája : Irodalmi áttekintés
(2026-11) Kiss, Bence; Hatala, Patrícia; Földi, József
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők bemutatják a sertések vérzéses bél szindrómáját (hemorrhagic bowel
syndrome, HBS), amely leginkább a jól fejlődő hízósertéseket érintő, előzmények
nélküli bélvérzéssel és hirtelen elhullással járó kórkép. Intenzív sertéshizlalás
körülményei között súlyos gazdasági veszteséget okozhat, ezért vizsgálata az
utóbbi időben növekvő érdeklődésre tesz szert. A HBS komplex, multifaktorális betegség, kóroktanában tartási, takarmányozási, menedzsment tényezők,
valamint a bélmikrobióta egyensúlyának eltolódása (pl. clostridiumok túlsúlya)
egyaránt szerepet játszanak. A védekezés kizárólag megelőzésen, elsősorban a
HBS-t kiváltó takarmányozási és menedzsmenttényezők kiküszöbölésén alapul.
SUMMARY
The authors review the occurrence, etiology, predisposing factors, clinical findings,
necropsy, diagnostics and ways of prevention of the hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
(HBS). The disease mainly affects well-developed fattening pigs between 4 and
6 months of age and causes sudden deaths without any previous clinical signs.
Due to the economic damage, the investigation of the illness is of increasing
veterinary interest.
The term 'haemorrhagic bowel syndrome' is generally used when finishing pigs
die suddenly without a history of diarrhea or other clinical signs and the necropsy
shows marked pallor of the skin, abdominal distension, and a thin-walled small
intestine with either clotted or non-clotted blood in the lumen. In some cases,
intestinal volvulus also described which could be the result of agonic spasm. The
large intestine contains terry fecal material without the signs of gastric ulcer or
any other disease.
While the exact cause of the disease is not yet fully understood, it can be said
that it is a multifactorial syndrome. Both infectious agents and non-infectious
factors (i.e housing and management, feeding, genetics, seasonal effects) are
involved in the pathogenesis of HBS. The clinical manifestation of the disease is
most often explained by feeding rations with high fermentability, especially in
liquid feeding system with high whey content, where sudden death in the absence
of intestinal torsion can be explained by hypovolemic shock due to excessively
high intraabdominal pressure. Another approach is that if, for some reason, normal gut flora is overgrowing and/or altered, this can lead to an overproduction of
toxic substances and harmful compounds, with consequences such as acidosis,
endotoxemia, enterotoxemia and death.
The diagnosis of the HBS is based on the exclusion of other diseases causing
sudden death, the most important of which is intestinal torsion. Careful necropsy
of the dead animals is essential for differential diagnosis.
Az antibiotikumfelhasználás számszerűsítésének és összehasonlításának kihívásai a sertéstartásban: módszertani kérdések, indikátorok és gyakorlati megfontolások
(2026-11) Gombos, László; Búza, László; Nemes, Imre; Varga, Enikő; Kollár-Nagy, Eszter; Szabó, István; Gombosné Szűr, Veronika; Varga, László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
Az antimikrobiális szerek felhasználásának (anitmicrobial use, AMU) számszerűsítése a
felelős antibiotikumhasználat és az antimikrobiális rezisztencia (AMR) elleni stratégiák
alapvető eleme. Az AMU értékét azonban jelentősen befolyásolja a választott számláló,
nevező, referenciadózis, kezelési idő, állatkategória, populáció és adatforrás. Közleményükben a szerzők áttekintést adnak a sertéstartásban alkalmazott legfontosabb
AMU-indikátorokról és bemutatják azok értelmezési lehetőségeit. Rámutatnak arra, hogy
a megbízható AMU-monitoring nem egyetlen univerzális mutató kialakítását, hanem
az átlátható, reprodukálható és az adott vizsgálati célhoz igazított számítási szabályok
standardizálást igényli. A világosan definiált és auditálható adatstruktúra lehetővé teszi,
hogy ugyanazon nyers adatokból több, egymást kiegészítő indikátor képezhető legyen. Az
eredmények értelmezésének ezért nem egyetlen AMU-értékre, hanem az antimikrobiális
expozíció, a populáció és az állategészségügyi, valamint termelési kontextus együttes
vizsgálatára kell épülnie. A több indikátorra épülő megközelítés így megfelelőbb alapot
teremthet a telepi benchmarkinghoz, az ágazati nyomonkövetéshez (surveillance) és az
AMU csökkentését és felelős felhasználását felügyeleti programokhoz a sertéstartásban.
SUMMARY
Quantification of antimicrobial use (AMU) is essential for responsible antibiotic stewardship and combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, AMU estimates depend
on methodological choices, including the numerator, denominator, reference dose,
treatment duration, animal category, population definition, and data source.
This review examines the main indicators used in pig production: mg/kg biomass, mg/
Population Correction Unit, Defined Daily Dose for animals, Defined Course Dose for
animals, Animal Daily Dose, and Used Daily Dose. It addresses denominator construction,
body weight assumptions, population estimation, active substance conversion, group
treatments, animal movements, data quality, and benchmarking.
No single indicator captures antimicrobial quantity, treatment intensity, actual exposure, and human-health relevance simultaneously. Mass-based indicators monitor
consumption and trends, while dose- and treatment-based indicators provide complementary information on exposure and treatment intensity. The AMEG classification
further characterizes AMU.
Reliable AMU monitoring therefore requires transparent, reproducible, purpose-specific
calculation rules rather than a universal indicator. An auditable data structure enables
multiple indicators to be derived from the same raw data. Their interpretation should
integrate antimicrobial exposure, population characteristics, and animal health and
production context, supporting robust farm-level benchmarking, sectoral surveillance,
and antimicrobial stewardship in pig production.
Comparative diagnostic imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joints in Thoroughbred racehorses: a longitudinal study
(University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2026) Boros, Koppány
Nagy széltippant (Apera spica-venti) tartalmazó széna fogyasztásával összefüggő szájüregi elváltozások egy lóállományban
(2026-10) Cserhalmi, Dániel; Laky, Enikő; Péli, Evelin Ramóna
ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ
A szerzők közleményükben bemutatják, hogy egy Nógrád vármegyei lovarda
14 lovából 11 esetében alakultak ki szájüregi nyálkahártya-elváltozások, fokozott
nyálzás és egyes esetekben hasmenés új széna etetését követően. A botanikai
vizsgálatok a szénában és a szájüregből vett mintákban nagy széltippan (Apera
spica-venti) jelenlétét igazolták. A tüneteket valószínűleg a növény érdes szálkái által okozott mechanikai irritáció idézte elő. A takarmány cseréjét követően
specifikus kezelés nélkül valamennyi állat meggyógyult. Az eset rámutat a széna
botanikai összetételének vizsgálatában rejlő megelőzési lehetőségekre.
SUMMARY
Oral lesions caused by toxic plants are well documented in horses; however, less
attention has been paid to mechanical injuries associated with the consumption
of contaminated hay.
In March 2025, oral mucosal lesions were observed in 11 of 14 horses housed in
a riding stable in Nógrád County, Hungary. Clinical signs developed shortly after
the introduction of a new batch of hay and included excessive salivation, gingival
and oral mucosal inflammation, and, in the most severe cases, ulcerative lesions.
Mild diarrhea was also observed in some affected animals. No abnormalities
were detected in the general clinical parameters. Samples were collected from
the oral cavities of the affected horses and from the hay suspected to be associated with the outbreak. Botanical analyses were performed at the Department
of Botany of the University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest. The presence of
loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti) was confirmed both in the hay samples and
in the material collected from the oral cavity. Hairy calyces of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) were also identified, although no other potentially toxic plant
species were detected. Quantitative analysis of the botanical composition was
not performed. Clinical observations suggested that the lesions were caused by
mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa by the rough awns and other epidermal
structures of A. spica-venti. Following the immediate removal of the hay and its
replacement with hay free of the species, the clinical signs gradually resolved
without specific treatment. Diarrhea disappeared within three days, while oral
lesions healed within one to two weeks depending on their severity. This case
highlights the importance of considering mechanically irritating plant species
as a cause of oral disease in horses. The findings also emphasize the value of
botanical examination of hay before feeding, as routine assessment of species
composition may contribute to the prevention of forage-related health disorders
and improve equine welfare.
Lokivetmab (Cytopoint®) – célzott IL-31-gátlás kutyák prurituszában: bizonyítékok és gyakorlati tanulságok
(2026-10) Tóth, Zsombor Tamás; Tarpataki, Noémi
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők az eddig megjelent irodalmi adatok alapján áttekintik a lokivetmab, a
kaninizált IL-31 monoklonális ellenanyaggal kapcsolatos tudnivalókat, különös
tekintettel a kutyák atópiás dermatitiszéhez (cAD) társuló viszketésre. Részletesen ismertetik a cAD kórélettanát, különös tekintettel a pruritusz neuroimmunológiájára. A rendelkezésre álló vizsgálatok eredményei a lokivetmab gyors és
hatékony viszketéscsillapító hatásáról számolnak be. A megfigyelések szerint a
kedvező hatás többnyire fenntartható, ugyanakkor egyéni válaszkülönbség és ritka
hatásgyengülés előfordul. A biztonságossági vizsgálatok kedvező profilt és gyenge
immunogenitást mutatnak. A cAD multimodális terápiájába illeszthetőségét bizonyítja, hogy egyéb terápiás szerekkel (bőrbarrier-támogatás, allergénspecifikus
immunterápia) további klinikai javulás érhető el.
SUMMARY
This narrative review summarises the clinical evidence for lokivetmab (Cytopoint®),
a caninised monoclonal antibody that neutralises interleukin-31 (IL-31), a key
neuroimmune pruritogenic cytokine in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) and other
allergic dermatoses. Randomised, masked field trials consistently demonstrate
rapid, clinically meaningful reductions in owner-assessed pruritus compared
with placebo, with benefits that can persist for weeks after a single injection.
Lesion indices and global assessments generally improve as well, but often
more gradually and with greater inter-individual variability, reflecting the multipolar, phase-dependent inflammation of cAD and the contribution of secondary
infections and barrier dysfunction. Real-world cohorts confirm high response
rates and sustained benefit in most dogs, while documenting occasional par-
tial response or loss of effect over time; in practice this is frequently linked to
uncontrolled comorbidities such as otitis externa, pyoderma or Malassezia spp.
overgrowth, seasonal allergen pressure, or inadequate trigger control. Studies
exploring expanded outcomes suggest that targeted IL-31 blockade may also
improve patient comfort, sleep and owner-perceived quality of life, and may
support proactive maintenance strategies aimed at reducing flare frequency.
Combination approaches—particularly structured topical therapy, management
of microbial dysbiosis, and use as stabilising treatment while longer-acting causal interventions mature—appear clinically useful. Available safety data indicate
favourable tolerability with low immunogenicity and no signal of classical immunosuppression. Overall, lokivetmab is a well-supported option for targeted itch
control, best applied within a multimodal plan addressing infection, ears, skin
care and allergen exposure.
A propolisz lehetséges szerepe kutyák bőrgyógyászati és egyéb kórképeinek kiegészítő terápiájában : Irodalmi áttekintés
(2026-10) Tóth, Zsombor Tamás; Tarpataki, Noémi Katalin; Nemes-Terényi, Melinda; Jerzsele, Ákos; Kerek, Ádám
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők célja a propolisz kutyákban való alkalmazási lehetőségeinek áttekintése,
különös tekintettel a bőrgyógyászati jelentőségű helyi indikációkra, de kitérve
egyéb klinikai és transzlációs területekre is. Célzott irodalomkereséssel értékelték
a kutyákon végzett in vivo, valamint kutyaeredetű izolátumokon és sejtvonalakon
végzett in vitro vizsgálatokat. A legerősebb bizonyíték a sebgyógyulás, a Staphylococcus spp. és Malassezia pachydermatis elleni aktivitás, valamint egyes szemészeti kiegészítő alkalmazások mellett szól. A bizonyítékok ugyanakkor heterogének,
a készítmények összetétele és kivonási módja jelentősen eltér, ezért a propolisz
jelenleg elsősorban kiegészítő lokális terápiás lehetőségként értelmezhető.
SUMMARY
Propolis has attracted increasing interest in small-animal medicine as a natural
product with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing and
biofilm-modulating properties. The aim of this review was to critically summarize
the available evidence in dogs, with particular emphasis on clinically relevant
local applications. A targeted literature search was performed in major international and Hungarian databases, and publications were included if propolis or
propolis extracts had been used in vivo in dogs or had been tested in vitro on
canine clinical isolates or canine-derived cell systems. The final qualitative synthesis included 24 publications covering wound healing, superficial staphylococcal
pyoderma, Malassezia-associated otitis or dermatitis, ophthalmic adjunctive therapy, and several more distant translational fields such as dentistry, implantology,
oncology, immunology and virology. The most practice-oriented evidence supports
a potential adjunctive role in wound management, against Staphylococcus spp.
and Malassezia pachydermatis, and in selected ophthalmic settings. However,
the overall evidence base remains fragmented: study designs are heterogeneous,
sample sizes are often small, endpoints are not standardized, and the tested
products vary markedly with respect to botanical origin, extraction solvent and
formulation. Safety and standardization remain central translational concerns.
Consequently, current data do not justify routine stand-alone use of propolis in
canine practice. At present, propolis should be interpreted primarily as a promising
adjunctive local option whose place in therapy must be defined by standardized
preparations, well-designed controlled clinical studies and clinically comparable
outcome measures.
Újdonságok az állatorvosi epilepsziában – 2025 „A tavalyi év kutatási eredményeit már ma alkalmazzuk a napi praxisban!“ : Irodalmi összefoglaló
(2026-10) Pákozdy, Ákos
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerző jelen cikkében bemutatja a 2025-ben megjelent nemzetközi tudományos közlemények közül azokat, amelyek ismeretét a témában legfontosabbnak
tartja a praxisban dologozó kollégák részére. Ezek a következő szalagcímekben
foglalhatóak össze: az ammóniaszint emelkedett lehet kutyában és macskában
közvetlenül konvulzív epilepsziás rohamok után, portoszisztémás sönt vagy egyéb
májbetegség hiányában is. Transcranialis mágneses stimulációs kezelés segíthet
csökkenteni epilepsziás kutyák rohamait. A cannabidiol kezelés jó kiegészítője
lehet a szokásos gyógyszeres terápiának. A brachycephal kutyák gyakrabban
mutatnak strukturális agyi léziókat, mint hasonló korú, nem brachycephal fajtársaik. Bíztató eredményeket közöltek a macskák hyperaesthesiás szindrómájának
kezeléséről.
SUMMARY
In this annual mini-review, the most relevant research findings in the field
of clinical epilepsy in dogs and cats are presented. The author selected and
summarized several significant results from the international literature published in 2025. The following key topics are discussed: (i) Elevated ammonia levels
can be detected not only in liver diseases and portosystemic shunts, but also
following convulsive epileptic seizures. In one study, ten dogs exhibited increased serum ammonia levels temporarily after epileptic motor seizures, without
evidence of underlying liver disease. However, this phenomenon is not entirely
novel, as similar cases have previously been reported in cats. (ii) A non-invasive
transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy trial demonstrated promising results
in dogs with therapy-resistant epilepsy in a German study. (iii) The effects of
cannabidiol supplementation in dogs with severe epilepsy were also analyzed.
Beneficial outcomes were observed, as the frequency of seizures decreased
following administration of cannabidiol at appropriate doses. Furthermore, positive
behavioral effects were reported, with several owners noting that their dogs were
less sedated, more active, and exhibited an improved quality of life. (iv) Another
study identified a potential association between epilepsy and brachycephaly
in dogs. In these breeds, glial neoplasms appear to be more frequent than in
non-brachycephalic breeds. (v) A challenging clinical condition was successfully
managed in cats: feline hyperesthesia syndrome was effectively controlled longterm, primarily with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. However,
adjunctive therapy, including behavioral modification and gabapentin, was also
applied. The author hopes that this work may facilitate the implementation of
research findings into daily Hungarian clinical practice and that the new knowledge
published in 2025 may be directly beneficial for canine and feline patients soon.
Vadmadár-adenovírusok genetikai diverzitása, evolúciója, patogenitása és diagnosztikája
(2026-10) Máté, Lilla Katalin; Harrach, Balázs; Kaján, Győző László
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
A szerzők közleményükben áttekintik az Adenoviridae család madarakat fertőző
tagjainak főbb jellemzőit, amelyek három nemzetségbe sorolható, burokkal nem
rendelkező, lineáris, kétszálú DNS-t tartalmazó vírusok. Bemutatják, hogy e vírusok általában szűk gazdaspektrummal rendelkeznek, és fertőzésük többnyire
tünetmentes, ugyanakkor egyes esetekben – különösen fiatal egyedekben –
súlyos kórképek kialakulásához is vezethet. Kiemelik a gazdaszervezettel fennálló
koevolúciós kapcsolat patogenitást meghatározó szerepét, valamint azt, hogy a
diagnosztikában napjainkban elsősorban molekuláris módszereket alkalmaznak.
A szerzők rámutatnak arra is, hogy a madár-adenovírusok genetikai diverzitása
és evolúciós folyamatai továbbra sem teljeskörűen feltártak. A gazdaváltás és a
környezeti változások ugyanakkor növelhetik e vírusok járványtani jelentőségét,
ami indokolja folyamatos monitorozásukat.
SUMMARY
The authors provide an overview of the principal characteristics of avian viruses
belonging to the family Adenoviridae, which comprises non-enveloped, linear
double-stranded DNA viruses classified into three genera. They describe how
these viruses generally exhibit a narrow host range and that infections are often
asymptomatic, although severe clinical disease may develop in certain cases,
particularly in young birds. The authors highlight the important role of co-evolutionary relationships with the host in determining viral pathogenicity and note
that molecular methods currently predominate in the diagnosis of avian adenovirus infections. They further point out that the genetic diversity and evolutionary
dynamics of avian adenoviruses remain incompletely understood. Host switching
and environmental changes may, however, increase the epidemiological significance of these viruses, underscoring the need for their continued surveillance.
A Pasteurella multocida genetikai változatossága, a gazdaadaptáció jelei és az antibiotikum rezisztencia terjedése
(2026) Lipcseiné dr. Pintér, Krisztina
Pasteurella multocida is a globally distributed, Gram-negative bacterial species with
zoonotic potential, that has significant economic and public health impacts. Strains of this
species show a high genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which contributes to the
development of diverse diseases based on different pathomechanism affecting different
host species. These infections are typically treated with antibiotics, however, the increasing
emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains is a challenge of increasing
importance to both veterinary and human healthcare. Detailed molecular characterization
of these strains, along with a deeper understanding of their antibiotic resistance is vital to
elucidate the pathogenesis and epidemiological dynamics of infections, to develop effective
therapeutic strategies and to mitigate zoonotic risks. Collectively, these insights will facilitate
the development of targeted prevention and treatment protocols.
The aim of this study was the detailed pheno- and genotypic characterization of P.
multocida strains. We aimed to explore and statistically analyse the associations between
virulence gene profiles (VGPs), clusters established on the basis of ompA gene sequences,
and other characteristics of the strains – including serotype, Multi-host (MH) and the Rural
Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) sequence type (ST), and host
origin. Another objective was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Hungarian and
French P. multocida strains using both phenotypic (disk diffusion, broth microdilution) and
genotypic (whole-genome sequencing) approaches.
In this study, the antibiotic susceptibility of 80 P. multocida isolates of Hungarian and
French origin, collected from various host species between 2004 and 2023, was examined.
Particular attention was given to the occurrence of MDR strains, and the heterogeneity of
the sample set enabled the identification of resistance-related trends. The strains were
tested against antibiotics from ten antibiotic classes: penicillins, cephalosporins,
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, phenicols,
polymixins and sulfonamides. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and single-nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource
Center (BV-BRC) and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD)
Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) tool. Plasmid carriage in MDR strains was examined using
the Solu server. To increase the reliability of the statistical analyses, detailed genotypic
characterization was also performed for an additional 50 P. multocida genomes available in
the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Strain sequences were
aligned to different reference genomes, allowing characterization of virulence gene
carriage, and further VGP groups were separated. Capsule type and lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) genotype were identified using a Danish bioinformatics server, while MH- and
8
RIRDC-STs were determined via the Public databases for molecular typing and microbial
genome diversity (PubMLST) database.
A phylogenetic tree based on ompA gene sequences revealed twenty-five wellseparated clusters. Based on the analysed virulence gene patterns, fourteen new VGP
profiles were identified, thus currently twenty-seven VGP groups are known. The most
common capsule-LPS genotype combination (serotype) was A:L3 (n=46), followed by A:L1
(n=23) and F:L3 (n=18). Some strains carried multiple point mutations in the tadD primerbinding region, resulting false-negative polymerase chain reactions (PCR). To overcome
this, new primers were design based on whole-genome sequences, enabling reliable
diagnostic identification of the gene. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated
that cephalosporins and phenicols were the most effective agents for treating P. multocida
infections. In addition, it was observed that the majority of strains showed high susceptibility
to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. In contrast, high resistance rates were observed
against sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin. The most frequently identified resistance genes
were strA (n=7), sul2, and tetH (n=6), while none of the strains carried the bla-TEM or
erm(42) genes. Based on whole-genome sequencing data and plasmid carriage analysis,
none of the isolates harboured integrative-conjugative elements (ICE).
Significant associations were observed between the VGP groups of strains, the ompA
clusters, and some other characteristics of the isolate, primarily host species, serotype, and
sequence type. These relationships contribute to a deeper understanding of the
pathogenesis and epidemiological dynamics of the diseases caused by P. multocida.
Comparison of the results of antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed consistency between
phenotypic susceptibility and the presence of resistance genes in most cases. However, in
the case of certain antibiotic classes – sulfonamides, macrolides, and β- lactams – there
were discrepancies between the genotypic and phenotypic results. In these cases, the
genetic background of the phenotypically observed resistance could not be clearly
identified, suggesting that, in addition to the currently known mechanisms, other, as yet
undiscovered factors may also play a role in the development and maintenance of
resistance
Comparative Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism
(University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2024) Csikó György
Foreword
Pharmacokinetics involves all aspects of the absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion of drugs that are necessary for tracking the fate of a drug within the body
and hold significance in drug therapy. The aim of this book is to provide a detailed
presentation of both conventional and the latest scientific knowledge in veterinary
pharmacokinetics. When applying drugs, it is essential to consider all factors that may
influence their efficacy and safety. Animal species differ significantly in terms of
anatomy and physiology. Additionally, pharmacokinetic properties of drugs can be
significantly affected by breed, individual genetic differences, sex, age, health status and
diet. This book explores the effects of these and other factors on pharmacokinetic
processes. Understanding these factors enables more effective and safer use of
medications. Another important goal of presenting this knowledge is to promote the
production of residue-free animal-derived food products and to reduce the development
of antimicrobial resistance through even more professional drug use. Possessing
appropriate and detailed pharmacokinetic knowledge also enhances the efficiency of
experimental research, which, beyond achieving more accurate results, is also of
paramount importance from an animal welfare perspective. This book will be valuable to
professionals working in research or practical fields, both within Hungary and in
Hungarian-speaking communities abroad, such as veterinarians, animal breeders,
research physicians, pharmacists, and biologists. Furthermore, it provides assistance to
university lecturers and supports the preparation of university students (involved in
veterinary medicine, pharmacy or biology).
The author of this book has been engaged in teaching
and research activities in this field for over three and a half
decades. He is also the author and co-editor of several
related academic articles, university lecture notes, and
professional books. In the field of veterinary
pharmacokinetics, he has accumulated significant
knowledge derived from his own research and literature
sources, which he aims to publish in this book.
Farkas Kálmán
(2026)
Kozarics György
(2026)
Mina János
(2026)
Kakuk Tibor
(2026)
Markói Béla
(2026)
Nagy Mária
(2026)
Kudlik Ferenc
(2026)
Mihálka Antal
(2026)