A kvórumérzékelés szerepe az antimikrobiális rezisztencia populációdinamikájában

Abstract

ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS Az antimikrobiális rezisztencia kialakulása nem kizárólag egyedi genetikai változások eredménye, hanem komplex populációdinamikai és evolúciós folyamatok következménye. Ebben az irodalmi áttekintésben a szerzők bemutatják a kvórumérzékelés szerepét a baktériumpopulációk adaptív válaszainak szabályozásában, különös tekintettel az antibiotikum-expozícióra adott kollektív válaszokra. Elemzik a kvórumérzékelés és az antimikrobiális rezisztencia közötti összefüggéseket, valamint a kvórumérzékelés-gátlás lehetőségeit és evolúciós kockázatait állatorvosi és One Health szemléletben. SUMMARY Antimicrobial resistance represents a major global challenge in both human and veterinary medicine, and its development cannot be explained solely by individual genetic changes such as point mutations or horizontal gene transfer events. Increasing evidence indicates that antimicrobial resistance is driven by complex evolutionary and population dynamic processes in which bacterial communities respond collectively to antibiotic-induced selection pressure. This review provides an integrated overview of the population-level mechanisms shaping bacterial adaptation, with particular emphasis on the role of quorum sensing as a central regulatory system coordinating collective responses. Quorum sensing is discussed not as a direct resistance mechanism but as a population-level organizational principle influencing stress responses, efflux regulation, horizontal gene transfer, and the maintenance of resistant and tolerant subpopulations. The interaction between quorum sensing and antimicrobial exposure is examined from an evolutionary perspective, highlighting how population density, environmental heterogeneity, and regulatory network integration modulate the rate and trajectory of resistance emergence. The concept of quorum sensing inhibition is critically evaluated as a potential intervention strategy rather than a selection-free alternative, with particular attention to adaptive bypass mechanisms and co-selection processes. Special focus is placed on animal production settings, where high cell density, recurrent antimicrobial use, and complex microbial communities create unique ecological conditions favoring population-level adaptation. The findings are framed within a veterinary and One Health perspective, emphasizing the need for integrated, long-term population dynamic approaches to better understand and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.